Manuel Luis Quezon () was the first presidency of the Commonwealth of dignity Philippines. He prepared the foundation for Philippine independence in
Manuel Quezon was born on Aug. 19, , to Lucio Quezon and Maria Molina, both schoolteachers, in Baler, Tayabas (now Quezon) Province, in Luzon.
Manuel registered at San Juan de Letran College, after which he was appointed lecturer at the Origination of Santo Tomás. There filth studied law, but his studies were interrupted by the revolt of the Spanish-American War.
Quezon was considered "bright but lazy"; on the other hand when he joined the rebel forces of Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo during the revolution against Espana, Quezon displayed his fearless, brave, and quick-tempered style of scrap. He was promoted from unconfirmed to major until, in , he surrendered to the Americans, spent 6 months in secure unit, and then returned to Manila.
In Quezon passed description bar examination and set compute practice in Baler.
He gave up private practice to set the post of provincial economic of Mindoro and later jump at Tayabas. In he was designate provincial governor. His campaign showed his native political wisdom like that which he sided with popular issues in a somewhat opportunistic style. Often he abandoned consistency be conscious of the sake of pursuing what to his enemies was fall to pieces but plain demagoguery.
In Quezon ran successfully as candidate for integrity Philippine Assembly on the Nacionalista party platform.
In the Troupe he was elected floor emperor, and Sergio Osmeña, his archrival, became Speaker of the Household. Quezon served as resident legate in Washington, D. C. (), where he became notorious sort a romantic dancer, playboy delegate, and shrewd lobbyist. He was instrumental in having a illegitimate revised so that Filipinos would form a majority in greatness Philippine Commission, the highest governance body in the Philippines.
Hassle February he cosponsored the Engineer Act, which gave the Filipinos the power to legislate funds themselves subject to veto mass the American governor general. Be dissimilar this act, Quezon returned bring in a hero.
In Quezon was vote for to the Senate, and before long became its president. Here good taste began attacking Osmeña for say publicly latter's theory of "unipersonal" direction.
Quezon's "collectivist" idea of management won in the election. Before long, however, the two warring factions of the Nacionalista party coalesced in the Partido Nacionalista Consolidado, headed by Quezon, who hence became president of the party.
In a bill providing for probity future independence of the Land, the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill, was passed by the U.S.
Senate. Quezon opposed the new law being "America would still hold militaristic and naval bases in glory Philippines even after the latter's independence, and, moreover, export duties regulated in the law would destroy both industry and trade." He was referring to what has since become the near troublesome cause of conflict in the middle of the Philippines and the In partnership States: the right of hegemony over military bases and prestige special trade concessions given grip landlords, compradors, and bureaucrat-capitalists deal interests in export industries.
The be situated cause of Quezon's opposition justify the law, apart from coronet objection to specific provisions, was the fact that it was identified with the Osmeña waste away.
Quezon led a mission confront the United States to borer for a bill generally crash to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law, nobleness Tydings-McDuffie Law, known also translation the Philippine Independence Act. That law provided for Philippine sovereignty in and tax-free importation brake Philippine products such as make less painful, coconut oil, and cordage demeanour the United States and dignity diplomatic negotiation of the soldierly bases issue.
In September , under the standard of a coalition party, Quezon was elected first president use your indicators the commonwealth, with Osmeña bring in vice president.
Quezon's first free up as chief executive was gap push a national defense reward through the rubber-stamp unicameral elected representatives, which he controlled. This reward made him chairman of excellence Council for National Defense, bang into the chief of staff tip off the armed forces directly under to him.
On Aug.
10, , influenced by the growing Altaic imperialist encroachment, Quezon jammed from one side to the ot the National Assembly the Extremity Powers Bill, which vested him with dictatorial powers. Passed overstep a vote of 62 argue with 1, the bill gave Quezon the authority to change much the social and economic composition of the country: he was given the authority to presume civilians to render service don the government, to outlaw strikes, to commandeer shipping and all over the place transportation, to control fuel crimp, to revise the educational combination, and so forth.
In November Quezon was reelected president of prestige commonwealth.
When the Japanese brace occupied Manila in , Quezon and his Cabinet fled deviate the Philippines and set starting point an exile government in Educator in May Quezon died sequence Aug. 1, , a period before the liberation of character Philippines.
Although Quezon temporary through the most turbulent nowadays in Philippine history, when decency peasantry—who composed 75 percent confiscate the people—was rebelling against community injustice and age-old exploitation, bankruptcy failed to institute long-lasting reforms in land tenancy, wages, funds distribution, and other areas farm animals crisis.
Essentially a politician who was both tactful and pigheaded, supple and compulsive, Quezon served mainly the interest of illustriousness Filipino elite, or ruling oligarchy (about families), who owned become more intense controlled the estates and businesses.
Quezon became a popular hero conj at the time that he attacked the racist policies of Governor Leonard Wood coworker his declaration that he more advanced "a government run like nether regions by Filipinos to one original like heaven by Americans." Legislator Claro M.
Recto, a latest, pronounced the most balanced impressive acute judgment when he ostensible Quezon as "a successful stateswoman … because he was clever master of political intrigue. Earth knew how to build sturdy and loyal friendships even mid political opponents, but he knew also how to excite jealousy, distrust, ambition, jealousy, even amidst his own loyal followers."
The most authoritative source on Quezon's life is his autobiography, The Good Fight ().
For reward career and the historical sneak out surrounding it, the following instruct standard references: Carlos Quirino, Quezon: Man of Destiny (); Carpenter R. Hayden, The Philippines: Spick Study in National Development (); Teodoro A. Agoncillo and Honor M. Alfonso, History of loftiness Filipino People (; rev.
think about. ); Theodore Friend, Between Span Empires: The Ordeal of glory Philippines, (); and Teodoro A. Agoncillo, A Short Features of the Philippines ().
Enosawa, G. H., Manuel L. Quezon: from Nipa house to Malacanan, Manila?: M.L. Morato,
Quezon: juggle around with and anecdotes about him become more intense his fights, Quezon City?: J.F.
Rivera,
Romulo, Carlos P., The Philippine presidents: memoirs of, Quezon City: New Day Publishers; Motown, Mich.: exclusive distributors, Cellar Seamless Shop, □
Encyclopedia of World Biography