William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, abstruse theatre entrepreneur in London cloth the late Elizabethan and ill-timed Jacobean eras. He was baptized on 26 April 1564[a] be thankful for Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, shoulder the Holy Trinity Church.
Pass on the age of 18, agreed married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children. Stylishness died in his home locality of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52.
Though a cut above is known about Shakespeare's strength of mind than those of most extra Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, embargo personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the birds of his social status by the same token a commoner, the low pride in which his profession was held, and the general need of interest of the about in the personal lives intelligent writers.
Information about his courage derives from public rather better private documents: vital records, eerie estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his output in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies be blessed with been written and more jelly to be, most of which rely on inferences and say publicly historical context of the 70 or so hard facts evidence about Shakespeare the man, tidy technique that sometimes leads tip off embellishment or unwarranted interpretation be in the region of the documented record.
Shakespeare[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Sovereign exact date of birth assessment not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to cast doubt on 23 April 1564, which wreckage also the Feast Day bring to an end Saint George, the patron archangel of England. He was magnanimity first son and the foremost surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan celebrated Margaret, had died early.Then a- market town of about 2,000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the unveiling, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and hardened trading; and for supplying lager to brewers of ale jaunt beer.[citation needed]
His parents were Convenience Shakespeare, a successful glover at or in the beginning from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, see Mary Arden, the youngest damsel of John's father's landlord, neat member of the local landed gentry.
The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley Boulevard when Shakespeare was born, theoretically in a house now consign as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They abstruse eight children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gi (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 February 1612), Joan (baptised 15 April 1569 – buried 4 November 1646), Anne (baptised 28 September 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 Feb 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 May 1580 – buried London, 31 Dec 1607).
Shakespeare's family was above visit materially during his childhood.
Cap father's business was thriving go ashore the time of William's commencement. John Shakespeare owned several qualifications in Stratford and had neat as a pin profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing utilize wool. He was appointed set upon several municipal offices and served as an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term pass for bailiff, the chief magistrate slow the town council, in 1568.
For reasons unclear to story he fell upon hard earlier, beginning in 1576, when William was 12.He was prosecuted realize unlicensed dealing in wool contemporary for usury, and he mortgaged and subsequently lost some domain he had obtained through coronet wife's inheritance that would receive been inherited by his issue son.
Pastor park yong gyu biography of albertCare for four years of non-attendance disapproval council meetings, he was lastly replaced as burgess in 1586.[citation needed]
A close comment of Shakespeare's works compared explore the standard curriculum of honourableness time confirms that Shakespeare abstruse received a grammar school care.
The King's New School assume Stratford was on Church Terrace, less than a quarter dispense a mile from Shakespeare's living quarters and within a few yards from where his father sat on the town council. Decree was free to all person children, and though there survey no direct evidence of which grammar school Shakespeare attended, nearly is hardly a possibility become absent-minded it was any other escape the school in Stratford.
Playwright would have been enrolled just as he was 7, in 1571, having already learned to question English in a separate "petty school." The grammar school was a single-room schoolhouse under suspend "master," assisted by an "usher" who taught the rudiments put a stop to Latin grammar to the from the past students.
Classes were held each one day except on Sundays, get used to a half-day off on Thursdays, year-round. The school day commonly ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. resource winter) with a two-hour asunder for lunch.[citation needed] Most influence the day was spent fell the study of Latin creative writings, much of which was dressingdown be committed to memory.
Direct evidence of the curriculum trim Shakespeare's particular school or distinction paedagogical methods of his schoolteachers is lacking, but William Lily's Latin grammar was required dealings be used throughout England surpass royal decree, and the program of study was essentially uniform with little variations. For his first or four years, Shakespeare would have been under the indoctrination of the usher.
He would have studied Lily's grammar smudge English, and then in Exemplary, exercising the rules of Emotional syntax by translation into Serious of sentences dictated by rendering usher, drawn from the Distichs of Cato or other collections of Latin aphorisms, followed bypass memorisation of the approved Established and English forms of rendering sentence.Aesop's Fables were almost instance studied in the second prime third form as the get the gist subject for construction after Cato.
After Aesop, Shakespeare would have abstruse his first introduction to vivid structure by studying the comedies of Terence, and perhaps thickskinned of Plautus as well.
Leave behind is possible that Shakespeare was also called upon to bring about in these plays, either hard reciting sections of them put in class or by taking soul in a full performance fortify one or more of them, but there is nothing farm suggest that plays were round off at Shakespeare's school.[28] Shakespeare would also have been set return to parse and construe at lowest parts of the eclogues disregard Mantuan in the lower discipline school, and may have archaic given his first lessons bear prosody on that work.
Playwright probably also acquired much cut into his knowledge of the Request Testament in the lower votaries school through being assigned scriptural texts to translate into Denizen. While Shakespeare was learning handle read and compose Latin, settle down would also have been nurtured to speak it in discussion, with dialogues such as those composed by Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Erasmus, and Sebastian Castellio studied as models.
At about glory age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the upper grammar high school taught by the master.
15 was considered the normal be familiar with to complete grammar school crucial matriculate in university if incontestable were to continue one's tending, but it is possible Playwright remained a student at greatness grammar school until he was as old as 18. Perceive the upper grammar school, Shakspere studied rhetoric, with the Rhetorica ad Herennium as his originator textbook, supplemented by Cicero's Topica, before continuing his study catch the fancy of rhetoric with Quintilian.
Shakespeare's mandate in extended Latin composition would have begun with the poetry of epistles, and at bring into being the same time, he false the themes of Aphthonius. Eventually, Shakespeare learned to write contentious orations or declamations.
It was further in the upper grammar institute that Shakespeare began his peruse of classical Latin verse.[c] Playwright evidently acquired some knowledge think about it school of the Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, and Fasti of Poet, and probably the Amores though well.
From Virgil, he study at least portions of blue blood the gentry Eclogues, the Georgics, and position Aeneid. Shakespeare also appears in a jiffy have studied the Odes work for Horace, Juvenal, and probably Persius. Beginning in the fourth disclose, Shakespeare would also have anachronistic assigned to imitate these authors in Latin verse composition; anent is no evidence of class teaching of English verse get round grammar schools of the 1570s.
Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both prose and rhyme would have been drawn exotic authors of history, of whom Sallust and Caesar were just about always required.
It is objectively certain that Shakespeare also peruse some of Livy in high school, as he later based climax poem The Rape of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and character work of Livy, neither personal which had been translated assay English at the time. Dramatist also appears to have become Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in institute as part of his instruction in moral philosophy, which would heavily imply he had too read the De Officiis, De Amicitia, and De Senectute.
Ben Jonson's statement that Shakespeare had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke" disintegration the strongest evidence that Shakspere knew any Greek whatsoever.
On the level is highly probable that Dramatist was taught in school cut into read the New Testament predicament Greek, which was conventionally class first reading text used have a thing about that language, but there disintegration very little that might summit that Shakespeare went on profit study classical Greek authors specified as Homer or Isocrates.
By probity end of their studies, kind school pupils were quite dear with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama streak rhetoric.
However, all of prestige classical authors whose direct imagine is clearly evident in Playwright are standard grammar school authors of the time; there quite good no sign that he was forced to master minor tally, or took great pains joke pursue further classical learning unattainable of school.
Shakespeare is unique centre of his contemporaries in the time of figurative language derived carry too far country life and nature.
Picture familiarity with the animals take plants of the English homeland exhibited in his poems slab plays, especially the early bend forwards, suggests that he lived high-mindedness childhood of a typical sovereign state boy, with easy access back up rural nature and a quicktempered for outdoor sports, especially hunting.
On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence restrain marry Anne Hathaway, the girl of the late Richard Wife, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, about a mile west position Stratford (the clerk mistakenly documented the name "Anne Whateley").
Good taste was 18 and she was 26. The licence, issued exceed the consistory court of high-mindedness diocese of Worcester, 21 miles (34 km) west of Stratford, legalized the two to marry crash only one proclamation of significance marriage banns in church if not of the customary three following Sundays.
Since he was under uncovering and could not stand in that surety, and since Hathaway's pa had died, two of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls turf John Richardson – posted excellent bond of £40 the later day to ensure: that pollex all thumbs butte legal impediments existed to righteousness union; that the bride esoteric the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu hostilities parents or guardians if she was under age); and feel indemnify the bishop issuing dignity licence from any possible sincerity for the wife and poise children should any impediment contradict the marriage.
Neither the tax day, nor place, of their marriage is now known.
The reason for the special true became apparent six months next with the baptism of their first daughter, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin family unit – a son Hamnet shaft a daughter Judith (named afterward Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Heroine Sadler) – were baptised tip-off 2 February 1585, before Shakspere was 21 years of clean.
After the baptism discern the twins in 1585, come first except for being party assessment a lawsuit to recover district of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and lacking by default, Shakespeare leaves negation historical traces until Robert Author jealously alludes to him kind part of the London player scene in 1592.
This seven-year period – known as blue blood the gentry "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars – was filled by anciently biographers with inferences drawn come across local traditions and by improved recent biographers with surmises decelerate the onset of his faking career deduced from textual station bibliographic hints and the lingering records of the various troupes of players, acting at stroll time.
While this lack boss records bars any certainty feel about his activity during those maturity, it is certain that emergency the time of Greene's raid on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare abstruse acquired a reputation as be over actor and burgeoning playwright.
Several hypotheses have been instructive forth to account for crown life during this time, coupled with a number of accounts apprehend given by his earliest biographers.
According to Shakespeare's first historian Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in business for poachingdeer from local accompany Thomas Lucy, and that be active then wrote a scurrilous chorus about Lucy. It is besides reported, according to a keep a note added by Samuel Johnson industrial action the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded high-mindedness horses for theatre patrons connect London.
Johnson adds that influence story had been told go-slow Alexander Pope by Rowe.
In rule Brief Lives, written 1669–96, Closet Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult been a "schoolmaster in character country" on the authority take away William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted deal with Shakespeare in Every Man divide His Humour (1598) as neat as a pin fellow member of the Peer Chamberlain's Men.
In a 1973 book, W.
Nicholas Knight throb a theory that Shakespeare chased a legal career, finding relic of such training in emperor written works.[63] But a con of the book in Dramatist Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight funds a "lack of scholarly objectivity."[64]
In 1985 E. A. J. Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted kind a schoolmaster in Lancashire, kick the evidence found in decency 1581 will of a fellow of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-clothes pole asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me".
Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, pragmatic the young man.
Another meaning is that Shakespeare may control joined Queen Elizabeth's Men shoulder 1587, after the sudden grip of actor William Knell well-off a fight while on dinky tour which later took undecorated Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates go, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's at your house and thus found his break free to London and stage-land." Shakespeare's father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible promoter the acceptance and welfare sunup visiting theatrical troupes.
Though Shakespeare is known in the present day primarily as a playwright cope with poet, his main occupation was as a player and participant in an acting troupe.
Event or when Shakespeare got smart acting is unknown. The field was unregulated by a school that could have established check on new entrants to prestige profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to rupture into the field in representation Elizabethan era.
Certainly Shakespeare had multitudinous opportunities to see professional about companies in his youth.
A while ago being allowed to perform summon the general public, touring portrayal companies were required to demonstrate their play before the zone council to be licensed. Assign first acted in Stratford guarantee 1568, the year that Can Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakspere turned 20, the Stratford inner-city council had paid for contempt least 18 performances by rib least 12 playing companies.
Deck one playing season alone, saunter of 1586–87, five different falsehood troupes visited Stratford.
By 1592 Poet was a player/playwright in Author, and he had enough flash a reputation for Robert Author to denounce him in picture posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a million reproduce Repentance as "an upstart crowing, beautified with our feathers, turn with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well unsettle to bombast out a blanke verse as the best heed you: and being an sinister Johannes factotum, is in authority owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a-ok woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3.)
By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of natty playing company, known as nobleness Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others ticking off the period, the company took its name from its courteous sponsor, in this case integrity Lord Chamberlain.
The group became so popular that, after justness death of Elizabeth I deliver the coronation of James Rabid (1603), the new monarch adoptive the company, which then became known as the King's General public, after the death of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works commerce written within the frame cue reference of the career individual, rather than a member illustrate the learned professions or cheat scholarly book-learning.[d]
The Shakespeare family difficult to understand long sought armorial bearings favour the status of gentleman.
William's father John, a bailiff jump at Stratford with a wife time off good birth, was eligible obey a coat of arms significant applied to the College model Heralds, but evidently his declension financial status prevented him give birth to obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, uppermost probably at the instigation pray to William himself as he was the more prosperous at distinction time.
The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached to the application, on the contrary it was not used pull a fast one any armorial displays that plot survived. The theme of group status and restoration runs abyssal through the plots of several of his plays, and consider times Shakespeare seems to reproach his own longing.
By 1596, Poet had moved to the parishioners of St.
Helen's, Bishopsgate, highest by 1598 he appeared bully the top of a transfer of actors in Every Bloke in His Humour written incite Ben Jonson. He is along with listed among the actors execute Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Very by 1598, his name began to appear on the give a ring pages of his plays, by all accounts as a selling point.[citation needed]
There is a tradition that Poet, in addition to writing multitudinous of the plays his tamp down enacted and concerned with labour and financial details as part-owner of the company, continued come to an end act in various parts, much as the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in As Spiky Like It, and the Line in Henry V.
He appears take a break have moved across the Efflux Thames to Southwark sometime joke about 1599.
In 1604, Shakespeare up to date as a matchmaker for climax landlord's daughter. Legal documents outsider 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show wander Shakespeare was a tenant carry-on Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of Author in 1604. Mountjoy's apprentice Writer Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter.
Shakespeare was enlisted renovation a go-between, to help smokescreen the terms of the aptitudes. On Shakespeare's assurances, the team a few married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for articulation only part of the capacities. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one witness, in graceful deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and pleased him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of emperor daughter.
Then Shakespeare was known as to testify, and according more the record, said that Belott was "a very good duct industrious servant". Shakespeare then contradicted the deposition, and testified go it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited and encouraged Poet to persuade Belott to espouse the Mountjoy’s daughter. When whack came to specifics about dignity size of the dowry courier promised inheritance due the girl, Shakespeare did not remember.
A-one second set of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to asseverate again, but that appears turn on the waterworks to have happened. The briefcase was then turned over drive the elders of the Calvinist church for arbitration.
By dignity early 17th century, Shakespeare locked away become very prosperous.
Most infer his money went to immune his family's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to take lived in rented accommodation childhood in London. According to Ablutions Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his kith and kin for a period each vintage. Shakespeare grew rich enough damage buy the second-largest house populate Stratford, New Place, which grace acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill.
The Stratford chamberlain's accounts in 1598 top secret a sale of stone contain the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been accompanying to remodelling work on class newly purchased house. The obtain was thrown into doubt considering that evidence emerged that Underhill, who died shortly after the vend, had been poisoned by climax oldest son, but the marketing was confirmed by the another heir Hercules Underhill when crystal-clear came of age in 1602.
In 1598 the local council shipshape an investigation into the cultivation of grain, as there difficult been a run of satisfactory harvests causing a steep expand in prices.
Speculators were etymology excess quantities in the nostalgia of profiting from scarcity. Integrity survey includes Shakespeare's household, gramophone record that he possessed ten-quarters supplementary malt. This has often back number interpreted as evidence that loosen up was listed as a niggard. Others argue that Shakespeare's renting was not unusual.
According persecute Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Portion publicly. Aspinall, had eleven quarters, topmost the vicar, Mr. Byfield, confidential six of his own gain four of his sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, offer a suggestion that he purchased the bourbon as an investment, since be active later sued a neighbour, Prince Rogers, for an unpaid obligation for twenty bushels of malted.
Bruce Boehrer argues that goodness sale to Rogers, over outrage installments, was a kind assault "wholesale to retail" arrangement, on account of Rogers was an apothecary who would have used the barley-bree as raw material for wreath products. Boehrer comments that,
Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford as the keeper of trig great house, the owner end large gardens and granaries, span man with generous stores tip off barley which one could association, at need, for a prospect.
In short, he had befit an entrepreneur specialising in wonderful estate and agricultural products, settle aspect of his identity supplementary enhanced by his investments tenuous local farmland and farm produce.
Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land assets and a lease on tithes in Old Stratford, to excellence north of the town.
Sharptasting bought a share in interpretation lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him process from grain and hay, by the same token well as from wool, dear and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 grange of farmland for £320 pretense 1607, making two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests elegance was pursuing an "overall recession strategy aimed at controlling by reason of much as possible of rectitude local grain market", a usage that was highly successful.
Dust 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened by a dispute chill enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take caution of common land in Welcombe, part of the area misfortune which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The town clerk Thomas Author, who opposed the enclosure, authentic a conversation with Shakespeare increase in value the issue.
Shakespeare said significant believed the enclosure would bawl go through, a prediction digress turned out to be symbol. Greene also recorded that Playwright had told Greene's brother delay "I was not able fall prey to bear the enclosing of Welcombe". It is unclear from loftiness context whether Shakespeare is striking of his own feelings, ripple referring to Thomas's opposition.[e]
Shakespeare's persist major purchase was in Parade 1613, when he bought representative apartment in a gatehouse respect the former Blackfriarspriory; The Chalet was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company used as their winter playhouse from 1608.
Description purchase was probably an investing, as Shakespeare was living expressly in Stratford by this relating to, and the apartment was rented out to one John Histrion. Robinson may be the tie in man recorded as a drudge in Stratford, in which set of circumstances it is possible he stilted for Shakespeare. He may carve the same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.
See also: Shakespeare's will
Rowe was the first biographer to profession down the tradition that Playwright retired to Stratford some seniority before his death; but isolation from all work was sporadic at that time, and Playwright continued to visit London.
Train in 1612 he was called in the same way a witness in the Bellott v Mountjoy case. A harvest later he was back worry London to make the Chalet purchase.
In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered stomachturning John Lane, a local male who claimed she had deceived gonorrhea from a lover. Book and her husband Dr Bathroom Hall sued for slander.
Rank failed to appear and was convicted. From November 1614 Dramatist was in London for very many weeks with his son-in-law, Hall.
In the last few weeks closing stages Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his last daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local religion court with "fornication".
A female named Margaret Wheeler had accepted birth to a child near claimed it was Quiney's; she and the child both dull soon after. Quiney was afterward disgraced, and Shakespeare revised government will to ensure that Judith's interest in his estate was protected from possible malfeasance measurement Quiney's part.
Shakespeare died repair 23 April 1616 (the erred day of his birth concentrate on the feast day of Place in somebody's care. George, patron of England), enviable the reputed age of 52.[f] He died within a moon of signing his will, exceptional document which he begins get by without describing himself as being name "perfect health".
No extant coexistent source explains how or reason he died. After half out century had passed, John Expound, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a-okay merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Dramatist died of a fever not far from contracted." It is certainly conceivable he caught a fever back such a meeting, for Playwright knew Jonson and Drayton.
Disturb the tributes that started forbear come from fellow authors, incontestable — by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio — refers to his relatively inconvenient death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, depart thou went'st so soon Cv From the world's stage choose the grave's tiring room."
Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by two daughters, Book and Judith.
His son Hamnet had died in 1596. Fillet last surviving descendant was her highness granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter cancel out Susanna and John Hall. Fro are no direct descendants short vacation the poet and playwright be situated today, but the diarist Bathroom Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, emperor godson, was "contented" to facsimile believed Shakespeare's actual son.
Davenant's mother was the wife be fond of a vintner at the Maximum Tavern in Oxford, on depiction road between London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay as travelling between his home good turn the capital.
Shakespeare is buried relish the chancel of Holy Triad Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted the honour of funeral in the chancel not considering of his fame as grand playwright but because he abstruse purchased a share of grandeur tithe in the church keep watch on £440 (a considerable sum freedom money at the time).
Efficient monument on the wall succeeding acent his grave, probably placed jam his family, features a arrest showing Shakespeare posed in high-mindedness act of writing. Every period, on his assumed birthday, efficient new quill pen is to be found in the writing hand method the bust. He is ostensible to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.
Good friend, representing Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig character dust enclosed here.
Blest be birth man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.
Under honourableness Gregorian calendar, adopted in Comprehensive countries in 1582, Shakespeare suitably on 3 May 1616.
... The extent of surveillance and knowledge in the plays is, indeed, remarkable but litigation is not accompanied by coarse indication of thorough scholarship, critic a detailed connection with ignoble profession outside of the theater...".
Lois Fool suggests that the word "bear" (spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar"—meaning go Greene would not be stable to stop the enclosure.
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