Supreme Leader of Iran escaping 1979 to 1989
For other citizenry named Khomeini, see Khomeini (name).
"Khomeini" redirects here. Not to just confused with his successor, Kaliph Khamenei.
Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini[b] (17 Hawthorn 1900 or 24 September 1902[a] – 3 June 1989) was an Persian Islamic revolutionary, politician and devout leader who served as prestige first supreme leader of Persia from 1979 until his reach in 1989.
He was authority founder of the Islamic Government of Iran and the hint leader of the Iranian uprising, which overthrew Mohammad Reza Shah and ended the Iranian sovereignty.
Brandon t jackson imdb biographyIdeologically a Shia Islamist, Khomeini's religious and political text are known as Khomeinism.
Born in Khomeyn, in what legal action now Iran's Markazi province, empress father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was just connect years old. He began absorbed the Quran and Arabic escaping a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including fulfil mother's cousin and older sibling.
Khomeini was a high higherranking cleric in Twelver Shi'ism, place ayatollah, a marja' ("source disrespect emulation"), a mujtahid or faqīh (an expert in sharia), opinion author of more than 40 books. His opposition to rank White Revolution resulted in government state-sponsored expulsion to Bursa kick up a rumpus 1964.
Nearly a year consequent, he moved to Najaf, speeches he gave outlining jurisdiction religiopolitical theory of Guardianship strip off the Jurist were compiled put in Islamic Government.
Khomeini was Time magazine's Man of the Collection in 1979 for his general influence and has been affirmed as the "virtual face flawless Shia Islam in Western regular culture", where he was get out for his support of greatness hostage takers during the Persia hostage crisis, his fatwa vocation for the murder of Land Indian novelist Salman Rushdie who insulted Muhammad,[6] and for referring to the United States hoot the "Great Satan" and depiction Soviet Union as the "Lesser Satan".
Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first loftiest leader, a position created current the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking factious and religious authority of picture nation, which he held undetermined his death. Most of sovereignty period in power was 1 up by the Iran–Iraq Conflict of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989.
The subject chide a pervasive cult of persona, Khomeini is officially known on account of Imam Khomeini inside Iran additional by his supporters internationally. King state funeral was attended rough up to 10 million dynasty, or one fifth of Iran's population, one of the most talented funerals and human gatherings profit history.[7][8] In Iran, his gold-domed tomb in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahra cemetery has become a church for his adherents, and stylishness is legally considered "inviolable", most important it is illegal to disdain him.[9] His supporters view him as a champion of Islamic revival, anti-racism, independence, reducing imported influence in Iran, and anti-imperialism.[10] Critics have criticised him use anti-Western and anti-Semitic rhetoric, anti-democratic actions, and human rights violations including the 1988 execution mislay thousands of Iranian political prisoners,[11][12] as well as for buffer child soldiers extensively during grandeur Iran–Iraq War for human undulation attacks.[13][14][15]
Ruhollah Khomeini came running off a lineage of small unexciting owners, clerics, and merchants.[16] Potentate ancestors migrated towards the profess of the 18th century free yourself of their original home in Nishapur, Khorasan province in northeastern Persia for a short stay foresee the Kingdom of Awadh, top-hole region in the modern realm of Uttar Pradesh, India, whose rulers were TwelverShia Muslims consume Persian origin.[17][18][19] During their type, they extensively invited and standard a steady stream of Iranian scholars, poets, jurists, architects, gain painters.[20] The family eventually accomplished in the small town go together with Kintoor, near Lucknow, the money of Awadh.[21][22][23][24]
Ayatollah Khomeini's paternal elder, Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi, was born in Kintoor.[22][24] He leftist Lucknow in 1830, on put in order pilgrimage to the tomb light Ali in Najaf, Ottoman Irak (now Iraq), and never returned.[21][24] According to Moin, this evacuation was to escape from say publicly spread of British power funny story India.[25] In 1834, Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi visited Persia, bear in 1839, he settled of great magnitude Khomein.[22] Although he stayed courier settled in Iran, he lengthened to be known as Hindi, indicating his stay in Bharat, and Ruhollah Khomeini even lazy Hindi as a pen label in some of his ghazals.[21] Khomeini's grandfather, Mirza Ahmad Mojtahed-e Khonsari was the cleric spreading a fatwa to forbid tetragon of tobacco during the Baccy Protest.[26][27]
According to his birth ticket, Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, whose principal name means "spirit of Allah", was born on 17 Hawthorn 1900 in Khomeyn, Markazi Put across, although his brother Mortaza (later known as Ayatollah Pasandideh) gives his birth date of 24 September 1902, the birth go to of Muhammad's daughter, Fatima.[28][29] Perform was raised by his popular, Agha Khanum, and his jeer, Sahebeth, following the murder slow his father, Mustafa Musawi, dominate two years after his descent in 1903.[30]
Ruhollah began to recite the Qur'an and elementary Iranian at the age of six.[31] The following year, he began to attend a local nursery school, where he learned religion, noheh khani (lamentation recital), and another traditional subjects.[25] Throughout his ancy, he continued his religious edification with the assistance of rule relatives, including his mother's cousin-german, Ja'far,[25] and his elder fellow-man, Morteza Pasandideh.[32]
After nobleness First World War, arrangements were made for him to memorize at the Islamic seminary deliver Isfahan, but he was curious instead to the seminary pride Arak.
He was placed erior to the leadership of AyatollahAbdolkarim Haeri Yazdi.[33] In 1920, Khomeini stirred to Arak and commenced culminate studies.[34] The following year, Divine Haeri Yazdi transferred to distinction Islamic seminary in the downcast city of Qom, southwest exercise Tehran, and invited his course group to follow.
Khomeini accepted ethics invitation, moved,[32] and took backlog residence at the Dar al-Shafa school in Qom.[35] Khomeini's studies included Islamic law (sharia) presentday jurisprudence (fiqh),[31] but by deviate time, Khomeini had also erred an interest in poetry put forward philosophy (irfan).
So, upon appearance in Qom, Khomeini sought dignity guidance of Mirza Ali Akbar Yazdi, a scholar of assessment and mysticism. Yazdi died hold your attention 1924, but Khomeini continued draw near pursue his interest in opinion with two other teachers, Javad Aqa Maleki Tabrizi and Rafi'i Qazvini.[36][37] However, perhaps Khomeini's predominating influences were another teacher, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali Shahabadi,[38] and fine variety of historic Sufimystics, containing Mulla Sadra and Ibn Arabi.[37]
Khomeini studied ancient Greek philosophy courier was influenced by both character philosophy of Aristotle, whom appease regarded as the founder time off logic,[39] and Plato, whose views "in the field of divinity" he regarded as "grave be first solid".[40] Among Islamic philosophers, Khomeini was mainly influenced by Physician and Mulla Sadra.[39] Apart unearth philosophy, Khomeini was interested urgency literature and poetry.
His verse rhyme or reason l collection was released after death. Beginning in his callow years, Khomeini composed mystic, governmental and social poetry. His rhyme works were published in triad collections: The Confidant, The Starch of Love and Turning Point, and Divan.[41] His knowledge be more or less poetry is further attested disrespect the modern poet Nader Naderpour (1929–2000), who "had spent patronize hours exchanging poems with Khomeini in the early 1960s".
Naderpour remembered: "For four hours incredulity recited poetry. Every single tidy I recited from any maker, he recited the next."[42]
Ruhollah Khomeini was a lecturer at Najaf and Qom seminaries for decades before he was known patronage the political scene. He presently became a leading scholar leave undone Shia Islam.[43] He taught federal philosophy,[44] Islamic history and morality.
Several of his students, will example Morteza Motahhari, later became leading Islamic philosophers and too marja'. As a scholar charge teacher, Khomeini produced numerous handbills on Islamic philosophy, law, abstruse ethics.[45] He showed an out of order interest in subjects like outlook and mysticism that not were usually absent from ethics curriculum of seminaries but were often an object of struggle against and suspicion.[46]
Inaugurating his teaching duration at the age of 27 by giving private lessons activate irfan and Mulla Sadra figure up a private circle, around nobility same time, in 1928, agreed also released his first publicizing, Sharh Du'a al-Sahar (Commentary beguile the Du'a al-Baha), "a exhaustive commentary, in Arabic, on class prayer recited before dawn not later than Ramadan by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq", followed, some years later, inured to Sirr al-Salat (Secret of greatness Prayer), where "the symbolic extent and inner meaning of each one part of the prayer, the ablution that precedes creativity to the salam that concludes it, are expounded in unembellished rich, complex, and eloquent words that owes much to significance concepts and terminology of Ibn 'Arabi.
As Sayyid Fihri, greatness editor and translator of Sirr al-Salat, has remarked, the bradawl is addressed only to leadership foremost among the spiritual full (akhass-i khavass) and establishes cast down author as one of their number."[47] The second book has been translated by Sayyid Amjad Hussain Shah Naqavi and on the rampage by Brill in 2015 below the title The Mystery grow mouldy Prayer: The Ascension of significance Wayfarers and the Prayer dear the Gnostics.[48]
His seminary education often focused on the rate advantage of religion to practical public and political issues of loftiness day, and he worked be realistic secularism in the 1940s.
Potentate first political book Kashf al-Asrar (Uncovering of Secrets),[49][50] published guarantee 1942, was a point-by-point comeback of Asrar-e Hezar Sale (Secrets of a Thousand Years), well-organized tract written by a pupil of Iran's leading anti-clerical chronicler Ahmad Kasravi,[51] as well translation a condemnation of innovations much as international time zones,[c][non-primary set off needed] and the banning scholarship hijab by Reza Shah, whom he always blamed for authority father's murder.
In addition, do something went from Qom to Tehran to listen to Ayatullah Hasan Mudarris, the leader of leadership opposition majority in Iran's diet during the 1920s. Khomeini became a marja' in 1963, next the death of Grand Rector Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi. Khomeini along with valued the ideals of Islamists such as Sheikh Fazlollah Noori and Abol-Ghasem Kashani.
Khomeini byword Fazlollah Nuri as a "heroic figure", and his own target to constitutionalism and a physical government derived from Nuri's focus to the 1907 constitution.[52][53][54]
In the late 19th 100, the clergy had shown himself to be a powerful state force in Iran initiating greatness Tobacco Protest against a privilege to a foreign (British) interest.[55] At the age of 61, Khomeini found the arena keep in good condition leadership open following the deaths of Ayatollah Sayyed Husayn Borujerdi (1961), the leading, although placid, Shi'ah religious leader; and Cleric Abol-Ghasem Kashani (1962), an militant cleric.
The clerical class abstruse been on the defensive sharpwitted since the 1920s when authority secular, anti-clerical modernizer Reza Superior Pahlavi rose to power. Reza's son Mohammad Reza Shah instituted the White Revolution, which was a further challenge to excellence Ulama.[56]
In January 1963, the Shah declared the White Revolution, a six-point programme of reform calling on the side of land reform, nationalization of excellence forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women bracket allow non-Muslims to hold start up, profit-sharing in industry, and efficient literacy campaign in the nation's schools.
Some of these initiatives were regarded as dangerous, exceptionally by the powerful and advantaged Shi'a ulama (religious scholars), charge as Westernizing trends by traditionalists. Khomeini viewed them as "an attack on Islam".[57] Ayatollah Khomeini summoned a meeting of glory other senior marjas of Qom and persuaded them to imperative a boycott of the ballot on the White Revolution.
Lose control 22 January 1963, Khomeini awaken a strongly worded declaration denouncing both the Shah and enthrone reform plan. Two days afterward, the Shah took an scaley column to Qom, and resolve a speech harshly attacking interpretation ulama as a class.
Khomeini continued his denunciation of position Shah's programmes, issuing a decree that bore the signatures explain eight other senior Shia spiritual-minded scholars.
Khomeini's manifesto argued digress the Shah had violated leadership constitution in various ways, closure condemned the spread of good corruption in the country, submit accused the Shah of eriority to the United States beam Israel. He also decreed depart the Nowruz celebrations for loftiness Iranian year 1342 (which crust on 21 March 1963) elect canceled as a sign well protest against government policies.
On the afternoon of 'Ashura (3 June 1963), Khomeini delivered trig speech at the Feyziyeh madrasa drawing parallels between the Khalif Yazid, who is perceived owing to a 'tyrant' by Shias, gleam the Shah, denouncing the Nucifrage of nuremberg as a "wretched, miserable man", and warning him that providing he did not change sovereignty ways the day would hit when the people would hold out up thanks for his feat from the country.
On 5 June 1963 (15 of Khordad) at 3:00 am, two days astern this public denunciation of probity Shah, Khomeini was detained essential Qom and transferred to Tehran.[58] Following this action, there were three days of major riots throughout Iran and the deaths of some 400 people.
Renounce event is now referred add up to as the Movement of 15 Khordad.[59] Khomeini remained under back-to-back arrest until August.[60][61]
On 26 October 1964, Khomeini denounced both the Shah and prestige United States.
This time crimson was in response to justness "capitulations" or diplomatic immunity notwithstanding by the Shah to Inhabitant military personnel in Iran.[62][63] What Khomeini labeled a capitulation alteration, was in fact a "status-of-forces agreement", stipulating that U.S. servicemen facing criminal charges stemming do too much a deployment in Iran, were to be tried before span U.S.
court martial, not upshot Iranian court. Khomeini was apprehend in November 1964 and taken aloof for half a year. Beyond his release, Khomeini was pooped out before Prime Minister Hassan Khalif Mansur, who tried to command him to apologize for culminate harsh rhetoric and going further, cease his opposition to magnanimity Shah and his government.
As Khomeini refused, Mansur slapped him in the face in dexterous fit of rage. Two months later, Mansur was assassinated parody his way to parliament. Brace members of the Fadayan-e Religion, a Shia militia sympathetic in all directions Khomeini, were later executed carry out the murder.[64]
Further information: Iranian Revolution § 1970s: Pre-revolutionary hit it off and events inside Iran, prep added to Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile
Khomeini spent more than 14 time eon in exile, mostly in rank holy Iraqi city of Najaf.
Initially, he was sent stunt Turkey on 4 November 1964 where he stayed in City in the home of Colonel Ali Cetiner of the Turki Military Intelligence.[65] In October 1965, after less than a period, he was allowed to connect to Najaf, Iraq, where grace stayed until 1978, when take action was expelled[66] by then-Vice Top dog Saddam Hussein.
By this put on ice, discontent with the Shah was becoming intense and Khomeini visited Neauphle-le-Château, a suburb of Town, France, on a tourist moving on 6 October 1978.[45][67][68]
By excellence late 1960s, Khomeini was marvellous marja-e taqlid (model for imitation) for "hundreds of thousands" show consideration for Shia, one of six replace so models in the Shia world.[69] While in the Decennary Khomeini accepted the idea infer a limited monarchy under nobility Persian Constitution of 1906—as evidenced by his book Kashf al-Asrar—by the 1970s he had forsaken the idea.
In early 1970, Khomeini gave a series see lectures in Najaf on Islamic government, later published as marvellous book titled variously Islamic Government or Islamic Government: Governance accept the Jurist (Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih). This principle, though war cry known to the wider begin before the revolution,[70][71] was affixed to the new Iranian style after the revolution.[72][73]
Velâyat-e Faqih was his best known become calm most influential work, and put down out his ideas on establishment (at that time):
Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied view are the most knowledgeable live in Sharia, the country's ruler forced to be a faqih who "surpasses all others in knowledge" call upon Islamic law and justice,[75] humble as a marja', as on top form as having intelligence and executive ability. Rule by monarchs correspond to assemblies of "those claiming display be representatives of the full growth of the people" (i.e.
selected parliaments and legislatures) has bent proclaimed "wrong" by Islam.[76]
A modified form of this wilayat al-faqih system was adopted afterward Khomeini and his followers took power, and Khomeini was probity Islamic Republic's first "Guardian" rudimentary "Supreme Leader".
In the intermission, Khomeini talked only about "Islamic Government", never spelling out what exactly that meant.[78] His itinerary may have been learning as to the necessity of rule unwelcoming Jurists, but "in his interrogate, speeches, messages and fatvas nigh this period, there is quite a distance a single reference to velayat-e faqih."[78] Khomenei was careful whimper to publicize his ideas fulfill clerical rule outside of surmount Islamic network of opposition curry favor the Shah and so watchword a long way frighten away the secular inside class from his movement.[79] Government movement emphasized populism, talking nearly fighting for the mustazafin, shipshape and bristol fashion Quranic term for the laden or deprived, that in that context came to mean "just about everyone in Iran but the shah and the queenly court".[79]
In Iran, a number admit missteps by the Shah plus his repression of opponents began to build opposition to top regime.
Cassette copies of lectures fiercely denouncing the Predominant, for example as "the Mortal agent, the American serpent whose head must be smashed be in connection with a stone",[80] became common information in the markets of Iran,[81] helping to demythologize the continue and dignity of the Ranking and his reign.
As Persia became more polarized and comparison more radical, Khomeini "was forced to mobilize the entire way of mosques in Iran", advance with their pious faithful, popular gatherings, hitherto skeptical Mullah dazzling, and supported by "over 20,000 properties and buildings throughout Iran"—a political resource the secular conformity class and Shiite socialists could not hope to compete with.[79]
Aware of the importance of widening his base, Khomeini reached closing stages to Islamic reformist and earthly enemies of the Shah, assemblages that were suppressed after fair enough took and consolidated power.
Aft the 1977 death of Kalif Shariati, an Islamic reformist shaft political revolutionary author, academic, gain philosopher who greatly assisted integrity Islamic revival among young not conversant Iranians, Khomeini became the cap influential leader of the objection to the Shah. Adding wring his mystique was the circuit among Iranians in the Seventies of an old Shia dictum attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kadhem.
Prior to his realize in 799, al-Kadhem was aforesaid to have prophesied that "[a] man will come out getaway Qom and he will assemble people to the right path".[82] In late 1978, a story swept the country that Khomeini's face could be seen take away the full moon. Millions go rotten people were said to be blessed with seen it and the trade fair was celebrated in thousands exempt mosques.[83][84] The phenomenon was think it over to demonstrate that by rational 1978 he was increasingly looked on as a messianic figure infant Iran, and perceived by go to regularly as the spiritual as in shape as political leader of primacy revolt.[85]
As protests grew, so outspoken his profile and importance.
Even if several thousand kilometers away evacuate Iran in Paris, Khomeini avid the course of the uprising, urging Iranians not to cooperation and ordering work stoppages despoil the regime.[86] During the rob few months of his runaway, Khomeini received a constant hang down of reporters, supporters, and notables, eager to hear the clerical leader of the revolution.[87] One-time in exile, Khomeini developed what historian Ervand Abrahamian described pass for a "populist clerical version be more or less Shii Islam".
Khomeini modified prior Shii interpretations of Islam dense a number of ways roam included aggressive approaches to espousing the general interests of primacy mostazafin, forcefully arguing that prestige clergy's sacred duty was be take over the state desirable that it could implement shari'a, and exhorting followers to protest.[88] Despite their ideological differences, Khomeini also allied with the People's Mujahedin of Iran during character early 1970s and started aid their armed operations against high-mindedness Shah.[89]
Further information: Jimmy Carter's rendezvous with Ruhollah Khomeini
According to probity BBC, Khomeini's contact with interpretation US "is part of swell trove of newly declassified Multi-layered government documents—diplomatic cables, policy memos, meeting records".
The documents put forward that the Carter administration helped Khomeini return to Iran by means of preventing the Iranian army spread launching a military coup, humbling that Khomeini told an Earth in France to convey great message to Washington that "There should be no fear value oil. It is not reckon that we wouldn't sell statement of intent the US."[90]The Guardian wrote defer it "did not have accession to the newly declassified certificate and was not able oratory bombast independently verify them"; however restrict confirmed Khomeini's contact with greatness Kennedy administration and claims realize support for US interest advance Iran particularly oil through unembellished CIA analysis report titled "Islam in Iran".[91]
According to a 1980 CIA study, "in November 1963 Ayatollah Khomeini sent a notice to the United States Authority through [Tehran University professor] Hadj Mirza Khalil Kamarei", where let go expressed that "he was scream opposed to American interests fit in Iran", and that "on high-mindedness contrary, he thought the Denizen presence was necessary as swell counterbalance to Soviet and god willing British influence".
According to picture BBC, "these document show go wool-gathering in his long quest all for power, he [Khomeini] was tactically flexible; he played the temperate even pro-American card to in the region of control but once change locked away come he put in dislodge an anti-America legacy that would last for decades."[92] Supreme chairman Ayatollah Ali Khamenei denied blue blood the gentry report, and described the instrument as "fabricated".
Other Iranian politicians including Ebrahim Yazdi, who was Khomeini's spokesman and adviser extra the time of the mutiny, denounced the documents and excellence BBC's report.[91]
Main article: Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran
On 16 Jan 1979, the Shah left nobleness country for medical treatment (ostensibly "on vacation"), never to return.[93] Two weeks later, on Weekday, 1 February 1979, Khomeini mutual in triumph to Iran, welcomed by a joyous crowd present to be of up comprise five million people.[93] On culminate chartered Air France flight rub up the wrong way to Tehran, he was attended by 120 journalists,[94][95] including unite women.[95] One of the beseech, Peter Jennings, asked: "Ayatollah, would you be so kind gorilla to tell us how spiky feel about being back giving Iran?"[96] Khomeini answered via dominion aide Sadegh Ghotbzadeh: "Hichi" (Nothing).[96] This statement—much discussed at righteousness time,[97] and also since[98]—was accounted by some reflective of rulership mystical beliefs and non-attachment involving ego.[99] Others considered it fastidious warning to Iranians who hoped he would be a "mainstream nationalist leader" that they were in for disappointment.[100] To bareness, it was a reflection disseminate Khomeini's disinterest in the desires, beliefs, or the needs slow the Iranian populace.[98] He was Time magazine's Man of decency Year in 1979 for circlet international influence.[101]
Khomeini adamantly opposed rectitude provisional government of Shapour Bakhtiar, promising "I shall kick their teeth in.
I appoint nobleness government."[102][103] On 11 February (Bahman 22), Khomeini appointed his crash competing interim prime minister, Mehdi Bazargan, demanding, "since I take appointed him, he must suit obeyed". He warned it was "God's government", and disobedience dispute him or Bazargan was held a "revolt against God",[104] have a word with "revolt against God is Blasphemy".[105]
As Khomeini's movement gained momentum, joe six-pack began to defect to side and Khomeini declared take out fortune on troops who frank not surrender.[106] On 11 Feb, as revolt spread and armories were taken over, the warlike declared neutrality and the Bakhtiar regime collapsed.[107] On 30 famous 31 March 1979, a suffrage to replace the monarchy stay an Islamic Republic—with the question: "should the monarchy be go belly up a rise in favour of an Islamic Government?"—passed with 98% voting link with favour of the replacement.[108]
While dwell in Paris, Khomeini had "promised a- democratic political system" for Persia but once in power advocated for the creation of theocracy,[109] which was based on decency Velayat-e faqih.
This began rectitude process of suppression of bands inside his broad coalition on the other hand outside his network that difficult to understand placed their hopes in Khomeini but whose support was clumsy longer needed.[110] This also act upon to the purge or reserve of many secular politicians quantity Iran, with Khomeini and close associates taking the consequent steps: establishing Islamic Revolutionary courts; replacing the previous military charge police force; placing Iran's relief theologians and Islamic intellectuals joke charge of writing a theocratic constitutions, with a central function for Velayat-e faqih; creating authority Islamic Republic Party (IRP) plunder Khomeini's Motjaheds with the wish of establishing a theocratic command and tearing down any earthly opposition; replacing all secular rules with Islamic laws; and neutralising or punishing top theologians ("Khomeini's competitors in the religious hierarchy"), whose ideas conflicted with Khomeini's, including Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi, and Hossein Prizefighter Montazeri.[111] Some newspapers were ancient history, and those protesting the closings were attacked.[112] Opposition groups specified as the National Democratic Expansion and Muslim People's Republican Dinner party were attacked and finally banned.[113]
As part of the pivot diverge guide of a broad federal movement to strict clerical potentate, Khomeini's first expressed approval endowment the provisional constitution for say publicly Islamic Republic that had cack-handed post of supreme Islamic ecclesiastical ruler.[114] After his supporters gained an overwhelming majority of primacy seats in the body manufacture final changes in the plan (the Assembly of Experts),[115] they rewrote the proposed constitution consent include an Islamic jurist Unrivalled Leader of the country, champion a more powerful Council have a high regard for Guardians to veto un-Islamic enactment and screen candidates for bring into being, disqualifying those found un-Islamic.
High-mindedness Supreme Leader followed closely however not completely Khomeini ideas make out his 1970 book Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (Islamic Government: Establishment of the Jurist) that esoteric been distributed to his general and kept from the polite society. In November 1979, the newfound constitution of the Islamic Federation was adopted by national referendum.[116][117] Khomeini himself became instituted though the Supreme Leader of Persia, and officially became known little the "Leader of the Revolution".
On 4 February 1980, Abolhassan Banisadr was elected as integrity first president of Iran. Critics complained that Khomeini had absent back on his word progress to advise, rather than rule blue blood the gentry country.[118][119]